Technical guide for hydraulic hoses

Hoses selection

 

Hoses selection

Preface : reminder on hose structure
A hose has 3 main components :
- An inner tube, for oiltightness, is made from homogenous polymer with excellent resistance to the product conveyed.
- A reinforcement giving the hose its physical and mechanical properties : resistance to pressure, to vacuum, resistance to kinking, tensile strength.
This reinforcement can combine several technical solutions to adapt to conditions of use : textile or metal braiding or spirals, plastic or metal spirals, cable spirals, electrical conductors.
More over, it guarantees the dimensional shape of the inner tube, thereby contributing to tightness of the hose.
- The outer cover is made from homogenous polymer and destined to isolate the reinforcement from the environment.

General criteria:

The user or prescriber should take the following aspects into consideration :
environment :
- Safety of operators
- Protection of the environment
- Ambient temperature
- Atmospheric conditions
- Risk of impacts or abrasion
- Presence of corrosive products
State of product conveyed :
Liquid, gaseous, solid or a combination of same
Method of use :
By suction, pressure or assisted
Conditions of use :
Pressure and temperature of fluid, pressure surges, pressure peaks, frequency of use
Characteristics of installation :
- Imposed bend radius
- Vibrations
- Strains
- Flexions
- Acceptable fittings
The rest of this guide deals more with hydraulic hose up to inner diameter 2” (50,8mm) for oleo-hydraulic power applications and transport of gaseous fluids under high pressure.

Inner diameter of a hose:

Expressed in millimetres and fractions of an inch as well as in modules (dash-sizes). These are equal to 1/16 of an inch for all our hoses except for hose type SAE100 R5 (our hose types T510 and T511).
The inner diameter of a hose is without doubt the first criterion to choose.
Choosing a diameter too small would have for effect :
- Heating of the installation via the joule effect due to overspeeding of the hydraulic fluid flow
- Important pressure drops
- Loss of efficiency and premature wear of hydraulic pumps (suction)
Choosing a diameter too large would unnecessarily increase weight, size and cost of the installation.
Choosing the right inner diameter of hose is therefore primordial.
This table is destined to help you determine hose inner diameter. It gives pressure drops for standard oil.

Litre/
minute
Inner diameter (mm)
6 8 10 12 13 16 19 22 25 29 32 35 38 46 51 63 76 89 102
1 146                                    
2 291 92                                  
4 548 185 75                                
8 1168 370 151 73                              
12 1752 555 227 109 80                            
16 2335 739 302 146 106                            
20 2927 924 378 182 133                            
25 7496 1157 473 228 166 72                          
30 10223 2626 567 274 199 87                          
40 16751 4332 1429 366 265 115                          
50 24649 6362 2173 921 633 145 72                        
60   8705 2966 1252 860 325 87 48 29                    
75     4346 1832 1254 471 211 60 36 20 13                
90       2502 1711 643 286 143 79 24 16                
100         2049 767 341 172 94 47 18 13 9            
120           1047 465 233 128 64 40 15 11            
140             605 303 166 83 52 34 23 5,9          
160             760 380 208 104 65 43 29 12 4,5        
180             931 465 254 126 80 52 36 15 9 2,2      
200             1117 557 304 151 95 62 42 17 11 2,4 1,1    
240               761 416 206 130 85 57 24 15 5,4 1,4 0,7  
280                   268 168 110 75 31 19 7 2,9 1 0,5
320                     212 139 94 38 24 8,7 3,6 1,7 0,6
360                       170 115 47 28 11 4,4 2,1 1,1
400                       203 138 56 34 13 5,3 2,5 1,3
450                         169 69 42 16 6,4 3,1 1,6
500                         202 82 50 19 7,7 3,7 1,9
600                           112 69 25 10 5 2,6
700                           146 90 3,3 14 6,5 3,4
800                           184 113 42 17 8,1 4,3
900                           227 139 51 21 10 5,2
1000                             167 61 25 12 6,3
1200                             230 84 35 16 8,6
  Laminary flow   Transitory flow   Turbulent flow  
Table of pressure drop in millibars (mb) per metre of rubber hose without end-fittings by inner diameter in millimetres and by flow rate in litres per minute (l/m) for a standard hydraulic oil of 31,8 centistokes (mm2/s) and with a density of 878 kg/m3.

The following abacus corresponds the flow rate (in litres per minute), the inner diameter (in millimeters) and the speed (in meters per second) of a fluid within a hose.
It is just necessary to trace a straight line through two known values to obtain the third.
In the example shown by a dotted line, for a flow Q of 6 l/m, to have a speed V of 1 m/s, it is necessary to have an inner diameter d of roughly 12mm.

nomograme

Part of the energy necessary for the transfer of fluid in the hose is lost through friction : it is called pressure drop.
This is proportional to the speed of the fluid at low speeds.
At higher speeds it becomes proportional to the square root of the speed and therefore excessive.
The limit between these two possibilities is identifiable by the Reynolds number which must be inferior to 2300 for the flow to be satisfactory.
Reynolds number = Re = V.D/nu <2300
V = speed of fluid in millimeters per second
D = inner diameter of hose in millimeters
nu = kinematic viscosity in centistokes
when the Reynolds number is lower than 2300, it is said to be laminary, when it is between 2300 and 3000 it is called transitory and for values above, it is said to be turbulent.

Working pressure:

Expressed in bar with the abbreviation WP.
Tecalemit flexibles hoses are designed and produced to work continuously at the working pressures indicated on each data sheet and repeated in the table by diameter and type.
As an idincation, it is considered that using a hose at 20% higher pressure than recommended reduces life span by half.

Table of tecalemit flexibles® hose:

Working pressure (in bars)
Hose module
3 4 5 6 8 10 12 14 16 20 24 32 40 48 50 56 64 80 96
TTA 245 225 180 160 140                            
TTAF 245 225 180 160 140                            
TTK 530 450 370 300 230                            
TTKF 530 450 370 300 230                            
T710 207 190 172 155 138 103 86   69                    
T810 345 345 310 275 240 190 155 138                      
T110 287 242 237 203 171 142 123   91 68 61 49              
T111 287 242 237 203 171 142 123   91 68 61 49              
T116 350 453 412 282 338 262 225   157 100                  
T117   263 275 236 286 296 243   214                    
T121   261 236 212 183 169 111   95                    
T210 463 453 379 365 304 270 219   173 133 96 88              
T211 463 453 379 365 304 270 219   173 133 96 88              
T221   450 384 357 310 276 236   181                    
T261     400 400                              
T331 103 86 83 78 69 60 52   39 26                  
T410             21   17 14 10 10 10 10   10 10    
T462   25 25 25 25 25 25   25                    
T510   207 207 155 138 121 103   55 43 34 24 24            
T610   28 28 28 28 24 22                        
THTH   28 28 28 28 24 22                        
T611 34 28 28 28 28 24 22                        
T622 80 75 68 63 58 50 45   40 35                  
T623 160 145 130 110 93 80 70   55 45 40 33 25   18   18    
T911   540   501 448 384 456   357 305 279 252              
T912           521 456   452 365 361 295              
T915             420   420 420 420 420              
T920                         210 210     210 210 210
T930                         345 345     345 345 345
T940                         420 420     420 420 420
T961   1000   850 800   750   700                    
T962       1250 1100   1000                        
T1310             345   345 345 345 345              
T1362       1400 1200   1000   900                    
VKI 190 172 155 138 103 86     69                    
VI 110 100 90 97 85 78     65                    
T532       43   43 43   43 43 43 43 43 43     43    
TH P1 276 224 207 183 161 115 103 92 80                    
TH P2 310 253 237 206 189 133 126 115 93                    
TH P3   172 133 138 103 83 69 57 46 34 30 23              
GA                                      
GC                                      

Graphical chart of working pressures according to hose:

graphique-pression-de-service

Test pressure:

Expressed in bar with the abbreviationTP.
Test pressure is generally twice the working pressure, it should be maintained for over 30 seconds without exceeding 15 minutes.

Overpressure, pressure surges:

Hydraulic circuits generally present pressure surges and/or temporary overpressures whose values exceed the nominal admissible pressures for the majority of the circuits components.
In this case, it is necessary to increase the safety factor, which is usually 4, between the working pressure and the theoretical burst pressure.
Tthis safety factor can be reduced to 3.15 if no pressure surges are present.

Burst pressure:

Expressed in bar with the abbreviation of BP.
The values indicated on Tecalemit Flexibles® data sheets are before bursting.
They are guaranteed for hoses having never been in use and equipped with fittings in the preceeding month.

Working temperatures:

The temperatures specified in Tecalemit Flexibles® data sheets are the maximum admissible working temperatures for the hose with standard hydraulic oil.
It can be considered that 10°C higher in temperature can halve the life span.
For other fluids, please contact our technical department, as the maximum admissible temperature could be higher or lower than indicated.
iIt is strongly advised not to use hoses at maximum pressures and temperatures at the same time.
Hose assemblies can be used in different ambient temperatures after having been protected by an adequate heat-resistant sheath, without which the outer cover would be subjected to premature aging, harden and become brittle.

Bend radius:

Expressed in millimeters, bend radii are indicated by measuring from the centreline of the hose, at maximum working pressure and without flexing of the hose.
Should there be flexing of the hose, minimum bend radius should be increased by the multiplication factor N in the table below.
A lower bend radius can be acceptable, provided the working pressure is lowered.

tableau-rayon-de-courbure

Tensile strength:

Any pulling forces must be made in the centreline of end-fittings.
Only hoses with metal reinforcement can sufficiently resist off-centreline pulling forces.
Pulling forces should be avoided on suction hoses incorporating a wire spiral as well as hoses intended to transmit power via hydraulic oil.
They would have for effect to reduce admissible working pressure and the internal dimension of the hose.

Vacuum resistance:

All our suction hoses have maximum vacuum resistance.
Also, our data sheets indicate maximum admissible vacuum values for high pressure hoses with metal reinforcement, as well as the SAE 100 R3 hose with textile reinforcement.
Accidental kinking or flattening are particularly detrimental to vacuum resistance of hoses.

Vibrations:

Tecalemit Flexibles® hoses are manufactured to withstand vibrations.
In order to optimise their life span, it is recommended to avoid them in as much as possible, as vibrations (and flexions) are the main sources of wear and heating, particularly at end-fittings.

Twisting:

Twisting must be avoided. They give way to a rapid deterioration of hoses.

Chemical resistance:

Compatibility of the hose inner tube with the fluid conveyed must be ascertained.
In the same respect, the outer cover and its environment should be taken into consideration.
The table of chemical resistance found in this catalogue gives the main information, but please contact our technical department in case of doubt.

Gaseous fluids:

Hoses must be adapted to conveying gaseous fluids when necessary.
The hose outer cover must be micro-perforated, in order to eliminate any gas build-up in the hose reinforcement structure.
Other precautions should be taken in assembling and installing the hose. these are detailed in the technical handbook.
Metal spiral hose cannot convey gaseous fluids (microperforation is not possible).

Electrical conductivity:

In general, it can be said that metal-reinforced hoses are conductive and that textile-reinforced hoses are not.
Resistance per metre of hose inner tube and outer cover should be taken into consideration, and also that between the inner tube and the cover.
For special application, please consult the technical department.

Dimensional stability:

Tecalemit Flexibles® high pressure hose is manufactured with a braid angle which geometrically cancels any dimensional modifications due to pressure, that is : stretching with reduction of diameter or, alternatively, retraction accompanied by an increase in diameter.
Even so, it strongly advised to check measurements during pressure tests.

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